7.1 Equilibrium in Physical process.

7.2 Equilibrium in chemical process – Dynamic Equilibrium

7.3 Law of chemical Equilibrium - Law of mass action and

    Equilibrium constant.

7.4 Homogeneous Equilibria, Equilibrium constant in gaseous

    systems. Relationship between KP and Kc

7.5 Heterogeneous Equilibria.

7.6 Applications of Equilibrium constant.

7.7 Relationship between Equilibrium constant K, reaction

    quotient Q and Gibbs energy G.

7.8 Factors affecting Equilibria.-Le-chatlieprinciple application

    to industrial synthesis of Ammonia and Sulphur trioxide.

7.9 Ionic Equilibrium in solutions.

7.10 Acids, bases and salts- Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry and

    Lewis concepts of acids and bases.

7.11 Ionisation of Acids and Bases –Ionisation constant of water

    and it’s ionic product- pH scale-ionisation constants of

    weak acids-ionisation of weak bases-relation between

    Ka and Kb-Di and poly basic acids and di and poly acidic

    Bases-Factors affecting acid strength-Common ion effect

    in the ionization of acids and bases-Hydrolysis of salts

    and pH of their solutions.

7.12 Buffer solutions-designing of buffer solution-Preparation of

    Acidic buffer

7.13 Solubility Equilibria of sparingly soluble salts. Solubility

    product constant Common ion effect on solubility of Ionic salts.