13.1 General introduction.

13.2 Tetravalency of Carbon: shapes of organic compounds.

13.3 Structural representations of organic compounds.

13.4 Classification of organic compounds.

13.5 Nomenclature of organic compounds.

13.6 Isomerism.

13.7 Fundamental concepts in organic reaction mechanisms.

    13.7.1 Fission of covalent bond.

    13.7.2 Nucleophiles and electrophiles.

    13.7.3 Electron movements in organic reactions.

    13.7.4 Electron displacement effects in covalent bonds.

    13.7.5 Types of Organic reactions.

13.8 Methods of purification of organic compounds.

13.9 Qualitative elemental analysis of organic compounds.

13.10 Quantitative elemental analysis of organic compounds.

    HYDROCARBONS

13.11 Classification of Hydrocarbons.

13.12 Alkanes – Nomenclature, isomerism (structural and

    conformations of ethane only)

    13.12.1 Preparation of alkanes

    13.12.2 Properties – Physical properties and chemical

            Reactivity, Substitution reactions – Halogenation(free

            radical mechanism), Combustion, Controlled

            Oxidation, Isomerisation, Aromatization, reaction with

            steam and Pyrolysis.

13.13 Alkenes- Nomenclature, structure of ethane, Isomerism

    (structural and geometrical).


    13.13.1 Methods of preparation.

    13.13.2 Properties- Physical and chemical reactions: Addition

    of Hydrogen, halogen, water, sulphuric acid, Hydrogen

    halides (Mechanism- ionic and peroxide effect,

    Markovnikov’s , antiMarkovnikov’s or Kharasch

    effect). Oxidation, Ozonolysis and Polymerization.

13.14 Alkynes – Nomenclature and isomerism, structure of

    acetylene. Methods of preparation of acetylene.

    13.14.1 Physical properties, Chemical reactions- acidic

            character of acetylene, addition reactions- of hydrogen,

            Halogen, Hydrogen halides and water. Polymerization.

13.15 Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Nomenclature and

    isomerism.Structure of benzene, Resonance and aromaticity.

    13.15.1 Preparation of benzene. Physical properties. Chemical

            properties: Mechanism of electrophilic substitution.

            Electrophilic substitution reactions- Nitration,

            Sulphonation, Halogenation, Friedel-Craft’ alkylation

            and acylation.

    13.15.2 Directive influence of functional groups in mono

            substituted benzene, Carcinogenicity and toxicity.